Purdue OWLContributors: Tony Russell, Allen Brizee, Elizabeth Angeli, Russell Keck, Joshua M. Paiz, Michelle Campbell, Rodrigo Rodr. Kenzie, Susan Wegener, Maryam Ghafoor, Purdue OWL Staff. Summary: MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook (8th ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in- text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page. MLA Formatting and Style Guide. Graduate Program: Our sport and exercise psychology graduate program is research-focused. The program includes coursework in sport and exercise psychology, related. Lofgren, MD, MPH, FACP President and CEO, UC Health Richard P. The following overview should help you better understand how to cite sources using MLA eighth edition, including the list of works cited and in- text citations. Please use the example at the bottom of this page to cite the Purdue OWL in MLA. See also our MLA vidcast series on the Purdue OWL You. Tube Channel. Creating a Works Cited list using the eighth edition. MLA has turned to a style of documentation that is based on a general method that may be applied to every possible source, to many different types of writing. Northeastern University (NU, formerly NEU) is a private research university in Boston, Massachusetts, established in 1898. It is categorized as an R1 institution. Type Institution Name Center Name PI Degree Title Address State Phone; Basic: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Cancer Center: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Cancer Center. The Graduate Certificate in Public Health is a 15-credit-hour program of study. The certificate program is designed to meet the needs of public health professionals. Wondering what it takes and what it costs to go to Purdue University--West Lafayette? Get the latest info on admissions, tuition, financial aid and average test scores. But since texts have become increasingly mobile, and the same document may be found in several different sources, following a set of fixed rules is no longer sufficient. While the handbook still gives examples of how to cite sources, it is organized according to the process of documentation, rather than by the sources themselves. This process teaches writers a flexible method that is universally applicable. Once you are familiar with the method, you can use it to document any type of source, for any type of paper, in any field. Here is an overview of the process: When deciding how to cite your source, start by consulting the list of core elements. These are the general pieces of information that MLA suggests including in each Works Cited entry. In your citation, the elements should be listed in the following order: Author. Title of source. Title of container,Other contributors,Version,Number,Publisher,Publication date,Location. Each element should be followed by the punctuation mark shown here. Earlier editions of the handbook included the place of publication, and required punctuation such as journal editions in parentheses, and colons after issue numbers. In the current version, punctuation is simpler (just commas and periods separate the elements), and information about the source is kept to the basics. Author. Begin the entry with the author’s last name, followed by a comma and the rest of the name, as presented in the work. End this element with a period. Said, Edward W. Culture and Imperialism. Knopf, 1. 99. 4. Title of source. The title of the source should follow the author’s name. Depending upon the type of source, it should be listed in italics or quotation marks. A book should be in italics: Henley, Patricia. The Hummingbird House. A song or piece of music on an album should be in quotation marks: Beyonc. For more information, see the “Optional Elements” section below. Title of container. Unlike earlier versions, the eighth edition refers to containers, which are the larger wholes in which the source is located. For example, if you want to cite a poem that is listed in a collection of poems, the individual poem is the source, while the larger collection is the container. The title of the container is usually italicized and followed by a comma, since the information that follows next describes the container. Kincaid, Jamaica. The container may also be a television series, which is made up of episodes.“9. Meetings.” Parks and Recreation, created by Greg Daniels and Michael Schur, performance by Amy Poehler, season 2, episode 2. Deedle- Dee Productions and Universal Media Studios, 2. The container may also be a website, which contains articles, postings, and other works. Zinkievich, Craig. Interview by Gareth Von Kallenbach. Skewed & Reviewed, 2. Apr. 2. 00. 9, www. In some cases, a container might be within a larger container. You might have read a book of short stories on Google Books, or watched a television series on Netflix. You might have found the electronic version of a journal on JSTOR. It is important to cite these containers within containers so that your readers can find the exact source that you used.“9. Meetings.” Parks and Recreation, season 2, episode 2. NBC, 2. 9 Apr. Netflix,www. Id=2. 00. 25. 61. C2. 0%2. C0. 97. 4d. Langhamer, Claire. Pro. Quest, doi: 1. S0. 01. 82. 46. X0. Accessed 2. 7 May 2. Other contributors. In addition to the author, there may be other contributors to the source who should be credited, such as editors, illustrators, translators, etc. If their contributions are relevant to your research, or necessary to identify the source, include their names in your documentation. Note: In the eighth edition, terms like editor, illustrator, translator, etc., are no longer abbreviated. Foucault, Michel. Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason. Translated by Richard Howard, Vintage- Random House, 1. Woolf, Virginia. Annotated and with an introduction by Vara Neverow, Harcourt, Inc., 2. Version. If a source is listed as an edition or version of a work, include it in your citation. The Bible. Authorized King James Version, Oxford UP, 1. Crowley, Sharon, and Debra Hawhee. Ancient Rhetorics for Contemporary Students. Pearson, 2. 00. 4. Number. If a source is part of a numbered sequence, such as a multi- volume book, or journal with both volume and issue numbers, those numbers must be listed in your citation. Dolby, Nadine. 6, no. Accessed 2. 0 May 2. Meetings.” Parks and Recreation, created by Greg Daniels and Michael Schur, performance by Amy Poehler, season 2, episode 2. Deedle- Dee Productions and Universal Media Studios, 2. Quintilian. 2, Loeb- Harvard UP, 1. Publisher. The publisher produces or distributes the source to the public. If there is more than one publisher, and they are all are relevant to your research, list them in your citation, separated by a forward slash (/). Klee, Paul. Museum of Modern Art, New York. The Artchive, www. K/klee/twittering. Accessed May 2. 00. Women's Health: Problems of the Digestive System. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 2. Daniels, Greg and Michael Schur, creators. Deedle- Dee Productions and Universal Media Studios, 2. Note: the publisher’s name need not be included in the following sources: periodicals, works published by their author or editor, a Web cite whose title is the same name as its publisher, a Web cite that makes works available but does not actually publish them (such as You. Tube, Word. Press, or JSTOR). Publication date. The same source may have been published on more than one date, such as an online version of an original source. For example, a television series might have aired on a broadcast network on one date, but released on Netflix on a different date. When the source has more than one date, it is sufficient to use the date that is most relevant to your use of it. If you’re unsure about which date to use, go with the date of the source’s original publication. In the following example, Mutant Enemy is the primary production company, and “Hush” was released in 1. This is the way to create a general citation for a television episode.“Hush.” Buffy the Vampire Slayer, created by Joss Whedon, performance by Sarah Michelle Gellar, season 4, Mutant Enemy, 1. However, if you are discussing, for example, the historical context in which the episode originally aired, you should cite the full date. Because you are specifying the date of airing, you would then use WB Television Network (rather than Mutant Enemy), because it was the network (rather than the production company) that aired the episode on the date you’re citing.“Hush.” Buffy the Vampire Slayer, created by Joss Whedon, performance by Sarah Michelle Gellar, season 4, episode 1. WB Television Network, 1. Dec. 1. 99. 9. Location. You should be as specific as possible in identifying a work’s location. An essay in a book, or an article in journal should include page numbers. Adiche, Chimamanda Ngozi. The location of an online work should include a URL. Wheelis, Mark. 5. A physical object that you experienced firsthand should identify the place of location. Matisse, Henri. 1. Museum of Modern Art, New York. Optional elements. The eighth edition is designed to be as streamlined as possible. The author should include any information that helps readers easily identify the source, without including unnecessary information that may be distracting. The following is a list of select optional elements that should be part of a documented source at the writer’s discretion. Date of original publication: If a source has been published on more than one date, the writer may want to include both dates if it will provide the reader with necessary or helpful information. Erdrich, Louise. Perennial- Harper, 1. City of publication: The seventh edition handbook required the city in which a publisher is located, but the eighth edition states that this is only necessary in particular instances, such as in a work published before 1. Since pre- 1. 90. Thoreau, Henry David. Boston, 1. 86. 3. Date of access: When you cite an online source, the MLA Handbook recommends including a date of access on which you accessed the material, since an online work may change or move at any time. Bernstein, Mark. 2. Accessed 4 May 2. URLs: As mentioned above, while the eighth edition recommends including URLs when you cite online sources, you should always check with your instructor or editor and include URLs at their discretion. DOIs: A DOI, or digital object identifier, is a series of digits and letters that leads to the location of an online source. Articles in journals are often assigned DOIs to ensure that the source is locatable, even if the URL changes. If your source is listed with a DOI, use that instead of a URL. Alonso, Alvaro, and Julio A. Wiley Online Library, doi: 1. Creating in- text citations using the eighth edition.
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